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Uwe Rietz1*, Stefan Hielscher2, Janine Kern2, Uwe Beck2, Dietmar Lerche1
1 LUM GmbH, Justus-von-Liebig Stra©¬e 3, 12489 Berlin, Germany
2 Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany *Corresponding author
Dispersion Letters 4 (2013) 1-4

Introduction
Adhesive bonds ÀÇ Á¢Âø·ÂÀÎ bonding strength ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â Tensile Strength ÃøÁ¤Àåºñ¸¦ ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëÇϴµ¥ ÀÌ´Â Çѹø¿¡ ÇÑ °³ÀÇ sample ¸¸ ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, special clamping µµ±¸°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°í, ÈûÀ» ¾çÂÊ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ÀÏÁ÷¼±À¸·Î À¯ÁöµÇ°Ô ÇÏ¿©ÁÖ´Â alignment ÀåÄ¡°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. Coatings ¿Í Multilayered ¹°ÁúÀÇ Á¢Âø·Â ÃøÁ¤¿¡ ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Peel Test ¹æ¹ýÀÇ °æ¿ì semi-quantitative and qualitative evaluation ¸¸ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. Analytical centrifugation À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ »õ·Î¿î ºÐ¼®ÀåºñÀÎ LUMiFrac Adhesion Analyser ´Â centrifugal force ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÃÖ´ë 8°³ÀÇ sample ÀÇ bonding & adhesive strength ¸¦ Æí¸®ÇÏ°Ô ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
State-of-the-art testing procedures
ÇöÀç adhesive or bonding strength ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ¾çÂÊ ¸éÀ» ¹Ý´ë·Î ´ç±â´Â Pull Test ¹æ¹ý (Fig. 1) °ú coated surface ¸¦ scratching ÇÏ´Â Cross-cut Test, substrate ¸¦ coating À» ¶¼¾î³»´Â Peel Test (Fig. 2) ¿Í °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
Fig. 1 : Tensile Testing after [6] according to DIN EN 15870
Fig. 2: Test setup of a 90¡Æ peel test according to ISO 8510-1:1990 [4]EN 15870
Tensile Test ´Â tensile strength ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌÁö¸¸ coating À» ÃøÁ¤ÇÏÁö´Â ¸øÇÏ°í Clamp ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ Ç¥º»ÀÇ ¾çÂÊ ³¡À» Àâ¾ÆÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÏ°í shear force ¸¦ ¹æÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¾çÂÊ ³¡¿¡ °¡ÇØÁö´Â strength ÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ» ÀÏÁ÷¼±À¸·Î ÇØÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ Çѹø¿¡ ÇϳªÀÇ sample ¸¸À» ÃøÁ¤°¡´É ÇϹǷΠ´Ù¸¥ ¹°Áúµé°£, ´Ù¸¥ Á¢ÂøÁ¦ »çÀÌÀÇ adhesive strength ¸¦ ºñ±³Çϱâ´Â ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î °úÁ¦°¡ µÈ´Ù.
Principle of the centrifuge technology
Ư¼öÇÏ°Ô µðÀÚÀÎµÈ Module ¿¡ substrate ¿Í adhesive material À» ³Ö°í centrifugation ½ÃÅ°°Ô µÇ¸é (Fig. 3) sample ¿¡ ¿ø½É·ÂÀÌ °¡ÇØÁö´Â ÀÌ centrifugal force ´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.

FC = m ¥ø©÷ r = m (2 ¥ð RPM/60)r

¿©±â¼­ m Àº rotating test stamp ÀÇ total mass, ¥ø ´Â rotational angular velocity, r Àº test stamp ÀÇ radial distance ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. Glued Parts ¿Í Tensile stress ÀÇ °ü°è´Â ´ÙÀ½ °ø½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ´Ù.

¥ò = F / A

Fig. 3: Measurement principle using centrifuge technology.
ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ Å×½ºÆ® ¹æ¹ý¿¡¼­ sample Àº substrate1 / adhesive / substrate2 ·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î Àִµ¥ centrifuge technology ¹æ¹ý¿¡¼­´Â À§ ±×¸²°ú °°ÀÌ sample assembly ¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ¿© Å×½ºÆ® ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Áï Test Stamp °¡ substrate1 ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» ÇÏ°í substrate2 ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» ÇÏ´Â substrate ´Â cylindrical guiding sleeve ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °íÁ¤µÇ¾î sample assembly ¸¦ ¸¸µé°í ÀÌ assembly °¡ Failure Detection Module (FDM) ¾È¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾îÁø´Ù (Fig. 3.1).
Fig. 3_1: Sample Assembly and Failure Detection Module (FDM)
Sample assembly °¡ ¼³Ä¡µÈ FDM module Àº Rotor ³»ºÎÀÇ Á¤ÇØÁø detection position ¿¡ À§Ä¡µÇ´Âµ¥ ÀÌ ¿ø¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º°µµÀÇ clamping °úÁ¤ ¾øÀÌ Á¤È®ÇÑ alignment ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Å×½ºÆ®°¡ °¡´ÉÇØÁø´Ù. Centrifugation ½ÃÄÑ ¿ø½É·ÂÀ» ÁÖ°Ô µÇ¸é adhesive material ÀÌ bonding µÇ¾îÀÖ´Â test stamp °¡ ¿ø½É·ÂÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ¾î´À ÇÑ ¼ø°£¿¡ Á¢Âø¹°Áú·ÎºÎÅÍ ¶³¾îÁö°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥ ÀÌ ¼ø°£ÀÇ strength ¸¦ ºÐ¼®ÀåºñÀÎ LUMiFrac Adhesion Analyser ÀÌ ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

LUMiFrac Adhesion Analyser ÀÇ ºÐ¼® ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÎ SEPView ´Â test stamp °¡ ¶³¾îÁö°Ô µÇ´Â ¼ø°£ÀÇ RPM, ±×¸®°í test stamp ÀÇ Á¾·ù µîÀ» °è»êÇÏ¿© ¼ø°£ÀûÀ¸·Î monitor ¿¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ±×·¡ÇÁ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³ª°Ô µÈ´Ù. (Fig. 4.a)

Fig.4 a: Breaking load , loading- and RPM-progression over time and summary table (right) in SEPView
 
Fig.4 b: Breaking load , loading- and RPM-progression over time and summary table in SEPView
LUMiFrac Àº °°Àº Á¾·ùÀÇ sample ÀÇ Á¢Âø·ÂÀ» ºÐ¼®Çϱ⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸ °¢±â ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ substrate, adhesive, coatings ÀÇ Á¢Âø·ÂÀ» ºñ±³ºÐ¼® ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÃøÁ¤ Á¶°ÇÀÌ Ç×»ó ÀÏÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô À¯ÁöµÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡ °á°úÀÇ ÀçÇö¼ºÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ¶Ù¾î³ª´Ù. (Fig. 5)
Fig. 5: Adhesion Analyser LUMiFrac¢ç (left) and rotor carrying the 8 failure detection modules for the test assemblies (right)
Application examples and results
Fig. 6 Àº 2-C-Epoxy ¼öÁöÀÇ mixing ratio ¿Í ¾ç»ý¿Âµµ°¡ copper ¿Í construction steel S235 ¸¦ Á¢Âø½ÃÅ°´Â 2-C-Epoxy ¼öÁöÀÇ Á¢Âø·Â¿¡ ¾î´À Á¤µµ ¿µÇâÀ» Áִ°¡¸¦ LUMiFrac Adhesion Analyser ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ °á°úÀÌ´Ù.
Fig. 6: Results of testing the strength of bonded joints between copper and construction steel. 3 different mixing ratios of a 2-C-Epoxy adhesive cured at room temperature and 150¡ÆC.
À§ °á°ú¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â mixing ratio ¸¦ ´Þ¸®ÇÒ¼ö·Ï, ±×¸®°í ´õ ³ôÀº ¿Âµµ¿¡¼­ ¾ç»ýÇÒ¼ö·Ï ¿¡Æø½Ã ¼öÁöÀÇ adhesive strength ´Â Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

LUMiFrac Adhesion Analyser ´Â °¢±â ´Ù¸¥ Á¢ÂøÁ¦°¡ °¢±â ´Ù¸¥ ¹°Áú¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾î´À Á¤µµ adhesive strength ¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ´ÂÁö µ¿½Ã¿¡ ºñ±³ ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. 4 Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹°Áú [Alumina, (Al), Copper (Cu), Stainless steel (V2A) and Polyvinyl Cloride (PVC)] °ú copper »çÀ̸¦ Á¢Âø½ÃÅ°´Âµ¥ ÀÖ¾î 3Á¾·ùÀÇ Á¢ÂøÁ¦, Cyanoacrylate (CY), Epoxy (EP), Polyurethane (PU), »çÀÌÀÇ Á¢Âø·ÂÀ» ºñ±³ ºÐ¼®ÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ Fig. 7. ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³»¾ú´Ù.

Fig. 7: Comparison of different adhesives (Cyanoacrylate (CY), Epoxy (EP), Polyurethane (PU) denoted by different colours) and materials (Alumina, (Al), Copper (Cu), Stainless steel (V2A) and Polyvinyl Cloride (PVC)) bonded to copper. As the curing temperature of EP was 180¡ÆC, Cu/EP/PVC joint could not be prepared.
À§ ±×·¡ÇÁ¿¡¼­ º¸µíÀÌ Epoxy °¡ Á¢ÂøÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¹°ÁúÀÇ Á¾·ù¿Í »ó°ü¾øÀÌ 50 N/mm©÷ (50 MPa) ÀÇ tensile strength ¸¦ º¸ÀÌ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹Ý¸é CY ¿Í PU ´Â tensile strength °¡ ³·°í ¶ÇÇÑ Á¢Âø½ÃÅ°°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¹°ÁúÀÇ Á¾·ù¿¡ µû¶ó strength °¡ ´Þ¶óÁø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

LUMiFrac Adhesion Analyser ´Â Á¢ÂøÁ¦ÀÇ adhesive strength ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °Í ¿Ü¿¡ sbustrate ¿¡ coating µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¹°ÁúÀÇ coating strength ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Coating strength ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â test stamp ¿Í Á¢ÂøµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â Á¢ÂøÁ¦ÀÇ adhesive strength °¡ coated sample ¶Ç´Â multi-layered material ÀÚüÀÇ tensile strength º¸´Ù Ä¿¾ß¸¸ ÃøÁ¤ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. LUMiFrac ÀÇ centrifugal test ¸¦ ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é coated material ÀÇ tensile strength ÃøÁ¤ ¿Ü¿¡ coated material ÀÌ failure (fracture) µÇ´Â Ư¼º±îÁö È®ÀÎ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Fig. 8 Àº LUMiFrac Adhesion Analyser ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© 9°³ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ metal ·Î coating µÈ glasses ÀÇ coating strength ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ °á°ú·Î¼­ coating strength °ª ÀÌ¿Ü¿¡ 5°³ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ failure and fracture pattern ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³²À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±¤ÇÐÇö¹Ì°æÀ¸·Î È®Àΰá°ú ÀÌ pattern Àº delamination fracture, adhesive and cohesive fracture, interlayer delamination, partial delamination fracture and substrate fracture À̾ú´Ù. (ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀº ´ÙÀ½ ³í¹®À» ÂüÁ¶Çϱ⠹ٶ÷. : U. Beck, G. Reiners, M. Weise, D. Lerche, U. Rietz, H. Niederwald; ¡°Quantitative Adhesion Testing of PVD-Coatings by means of Centrifuge Technology¡±, Surface & Coatings Technology 205 182-186 (2011) )

Fig. 8: Critical failure force (left) and corresponding strength (right) of differently coated glasses (mirrors) from the optical industry



 
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